Seclusion and restraint are increasingly regarded only as measures of last resort and are not considered to be treatment interventions. Seclusion and restraint should be used only when there is an imminent risk of danger to the individual or others and there are no other safe and effective alternatives. Successful reduction programs use multiple training and environmental components including:
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. (1999 July). Position Statement on Seclusion and Restraint. Retrieved from: https://nasmhpd.org/content/position-statement-seclusion-and-restraint
Goulet, M.-H., Larue, C., Dumais, A. (2017). Evaluation of seclusion and restraint reduction programs in mental health: A systematic review. Agression and Violent Behavior, 34, 139-146. doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.019. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178917300320